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學(xué)術(shù)文章寫(xiě)作的注意要點(diǎn)及寫(xiě)作技巧
以我在美求學(xué)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，向大家提一些盡量可以避免的寫(xiě)作常識(shí)問(wèn)題，希望對(duì)大家的考試，乃至以后赴美求學(xué)的漫漫征程有所裨益。時(shí)間所限，不可能寫(xiě)全，但是我會(huì)不斷補(bǔ)充的。還有在文章中引用的那些片斷，并沒(méi)有攻擊作者的意思，只不過(guò)拿出來(lái)和大家探討一下。希望被引用的作者諒解，
1、避免使用反問(wèn)句、設(shè)問(wèn)句。特別是作者也沒(méi)有答案的問(wèn)題。
例如： What’s the objective of the information? Is it to make people more confused and astray? I partly agree with the author’s contention that the enormous and otiose information sometimes render people lose their way and fail to consider question penetratingly and originally.
在作文的開(kāi)頭就扔出兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，然后接下來(lái)的陳述卻與問(wèn)題基本毫無(wú)干系。作為讀者，首先要考慮那兩個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案到底是什么，然后才能往下讀。這些在中文里可能會(huì)被評(píng)作“引人入勝”的好詞好句，在英語(yǔ)的論文寫(xiě)作里面，可以說(shuō)是最大的敗筆之一。如果你一定要問(wèn)問(wèn)題的話，那就改成陳述句式，例如：Whether this issue is right or wrong? 可以改成：It has been a controversial issue that.....
2、避免集中使用"Be"動(dòng)詞，包括is, are, has been, have been, etc.
即使GRE考題statement里面有很多"Be"動(dòng)詞，你也要避免照抄，因?yàn)閟tatement是淺顯地告訴你一個(gè)idea，而不是向你展示writing。
例如：What is the purpose of education? Some people may say that the purpose of education should be to create a totally academic environment that separates from the outside world, for, they think, this situation allows students to focus on their academic research work without being disturbed by practical concerns. In fact, this suggestion is harmful to the scientific research work.
這是某一篇文章的開(kāi)頭。我們現(xiàn)在只是分析語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題。作者除了要注意不要使用疑問(wèn)句以外，還有很重要的一點(diǎn)：總共兩三句話，出現(xiàn)4個(gè)"Be"動(dòng)詞。這種寫(xiě)法，在英語(yǔ)里面被稱(chēng)作"non-act"的動(dòng)詞。"Be" 僅僅表示一種狀態(tài)，例如："i am here", "you are there". 對(duì)于母語(yǔ)者來(lái)說(shuō)，"Be"動(dòng)詞其實(shí)就是寫(xiě)在紙上，而沒(méi)有任何感情色彩。所以應(yīng)該盡量避免成篇累牘地使用。我們的例子可以改為：
Some people argue that the purpose of education lies in its strength in creating a totally academic environment separated from the outside world. They think this situation allows students to focus on academic research by excluding outside disturbance from practical concerns. However, this suggestion in fact does harm to the scientific research work.
我們可以看到，使用了lie in, exclude, do harm to以后，句子更有色彩了。
3、盡量避免重復(fù)使用單詞或者詞組。特別是近距離集中在某一兩句話里使用。
例如：The author argues that to understand one’s own culture, one must know about at least one another culture which is distinctly different from one’s own culture. While as I am concerned, I can’t agree with the author’s assertion.
這一個(gè)開(kāi)頭，總共兩行字，卻連續(xù)出現(xiàn)了4個(gè)One，3個(gè)culture。如果你把這段話大聲朗讀一下，就會(huì)覺(jué)得別扭、好笑了。連續(xù)使用相同的單詞或者詞組（包括短句），體現(xiàn)的是作者詞匯量匱乏，寫(xiě)作風(fēng)格較差，遣詞造句能力不強(qiáng)。給讀者的感覺(jué)就是昏昏欲睡。
很容易的我們就可以改正：The author argues that the knowledge of another distinctly different culture helps us to truly understand our own. However, I disagree with this assertion.
這句話把原來(lái)的三句分句合成了并無(wú)冗長(zhǎng)感覺(jué)的一句。精簡(jiǎn)的同時(shí)，也恰當(dāng)?shù)乇苊饬酥貜?fù)多次使用culture，one的問(wèn)題。用了"this assertion"，也避免了在近距離使用兩個(gè)"author"。
4、避免使用從句套從句的超長(zhǎng)句子。
學(xué)術(shù)性的文章，應(yīng)當(dāng)避免追求華麗詞藻和句型。作為非母語(yǔ)者，我們?cè)谡Z(yǔ)感上面已經(jīng)處于劣勢(shì)。為了避免缺乏語(yǔ)感而造成的很多語(yǔ)法上面、句子結(jié)構(gòu)上面的小失誤，我們更應(yīng)該盡量避免使用長(zhǎng)句�？戳撕芏嘧髡叩奈恼拢L(zhǎng)句造成的后果通常有：?jiǎn)螐?fù)數(shù)混淆，it、that指代不清，從句兩頭時(shí)態(tài)不符，連接介詞錯(cuò)誤，等等。
例如：Things happened in the past, known as history, is great treasure for us huan beings, through and only through studying the past can we gain valuable experience which serves as a means of guiding our development of the society.
例子中作者用了3處逗號(hào)，而事實(shí)上面，從句間關(guān)系并非密不可分。我們可以很輕松的分成三句話，作者寫(xiě)得安心，讀者讀得舒心，做到真正的言必達(dá)意。
History consists of the things happened in the past and it is a great treasure to human beings. Through and only through studying the past thoroughly can we gain valuable experience from history. The historical experience serves as a means of guidance for the new development in the society.
5、避免陳詞濫調(diào)等廢話
例如：For getting a satisfying score, students have to prepare for and review their texts frequently, remember all the knowledge they have learned deep in mind, enlarge their learning if it is possible and so on, especially when examinations are coming. All these efforts, no matter what their aims are, will surely lead to a corresponding paying back.
段中的這一句"no matter what their aims are"，在整個(gè)上下文表達(dá)上面沒(méi)有任何實(shí)質(zhì)性的意 義，完完全全是句廢話。
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