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unit1 Madame Curie教學(xué)目標(biāo)
教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1．交際用語；掌握交際用語中關(guān)于Certainty and uncertainty 的使用，并使學(xué)生能夠熟練運(yùn)用下列表達(dá)：
Perhaps I'll go to that one.
Maybe it was useful for some people.
I'm not sure if/whether…
I doubt if he'll be asked to speak again next year.
I'm not sure that …
I'm sure …
2. 語言點(diǎn)：掌握詞語succeed , devote, set off, pay off 等的用法
3．語法：復(fù)習(xí)定語從句的用法
4．語言運(yùn)用及情感，價(jià)值觀：
運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言，完成教科書和練習(xí)冊(cè)中所規(guī)定的聽說讀寫的任務(wù)；閱讀課文Madame Curie", 確切理解，讓學(xué)生了解科學(xué)家居里夫婦一生為人類作出的貢獻(xiàn)，引導(dǎo)他們學(xué)習(xí)居里夫婦從事科學(xué)事業(yè)所表現(xiàn)出來的毅力，勇氣和獻(xiàn)身精神，并完成有關(guān)課文內(nèi)容的練習(xí)。
教學(xué)建議Lesson 1
教學(xué)建議
教學(xué)教法建議：
由于高三學(xué)年的學(xué)習(xí)面臨著高考任務(wù)，因此應(yīng)從第一節(jié)課開始，向?qū)W生宣講"突出語篇，強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)用，注意實(shí)際。"這十二個(gè)字為高考題原則。從現(xiàn)在起以語篇為基本單位，進(jìn)行全面的綜合的高考復(fù)習(xí)，本學(xué)年除要學(xué)完高三兩冊(cè)課本內(nèi)容外，還需要有一定時(shí)間進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)分類講解與練習(xí)以及綜合試卷的模擬練習(xí)，因此，對(duì)于課本內(nèi)容的處理應(yīng)根據(jù)本校，本教學(xué)班的具體英語水平及程度進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整。若學(xué)生程度較好，可將課文主要作為閱讀材料進(jìn)行處理，建議每單元（包括聽力）用三課時(shí)完成。若學(xué)生程度較弱，對(duì)課文內(nèi)容的處理可以從細(xì)，尤其是對(duì)每篇文章結(jié)構(gòu)，主旨大意，難句，高考中�？嫉降脑~語用法，異同辨析等的講解，練習(xí)與檢測。當(dāng)然，對(duì)于部分課后練習(xí)以及課文內(nèi)容依然要做適當(dāng)刪減，刪減標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以上述十二字原則為準(zhǔn)。以保證綜合復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)間。需要教師注意的是，教學(xué)速度的加快極易導(dǎo)致教學(xué)過程流于形式，難于保證效果，因此，要特別注意檢查落實(shí)的實(shí)施。例如每單元以語篇為單位檢測語法點(diǎn)、短語及詞匯，并記分。就本單元而言，因有較為重要的語法定語從句，建議用四至七課時(shí)完成。兩篇課文中的語法點(diǎn)和辨析內(nèi)容較多，可不必一次性講完，每課時(shí)最多處理四至五個(gè)。資源中提供的資料要根據(jù)高考要求經(jīng)過適當(dāng)裁剪教與學(xué)生。另外，在作詞語辨析時(shí)，應(yīng)盡量從原有的知識(shí)入手，發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性，多讓他們張嘴，或?qū)⑿枰嫖龅脑~語作為作業(yè)布置下去，由學(xué)生去找出異同，教師后來作出評(píng)價(jià)和取舍。課文結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容的分析可與語法點(diǎn)的講解分開處理，若條件許可，個(gè)別詞語可通過讓學(xué)生課上課下造句的形式加以掌握和強(qiáng)化。
Lesson 1 詞匯辨析：
1. I'm not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. 我還沒有決定是否去聽那個(gè)有關(guān)事故的報(bào)告。
(1) be sure + whether等連詞+不定式
be sure + of/about短語
be sure + that-clause（從句）
這些句型表示主語對(duì)所提到的未來或當(dāng)時(shí)的事情有無把握。e．g。
�、� She isn't sure whether to stay in New York next month．下個(gè)月是否留在紐約，她還不能肯定。(注：不定式的邏輯主語與全句主語一致)
�、� I wasn't sure about/of the way，so I asked someone．我對(duì)于怎么走沒有把握，所以我就問人了。
�、跧'm sure he'll come．我肯定他會(huì)來。
�。�2）be sure to do sth.表示"一定會(huì)...，必定會(huì)..."。e.g.
It's a really good film-you're sure to like it.它確實(shí)是一部好電影，你一定會(huì)喜歡
(3)be sure作"有把握"解時(shí)，還可用feel sure。e.g.
�、買've never felt sure of success．我從來沒有像現(xiàn)在這樣對(duì)勝利有充分的信心。
�、贗 feel sure we have disturbed you of your work．我確信我們已打擾了你的工作。
(4)be sure 與be certain
be certain意思是"確信，有把握"，用法與be sure同，即：
be certain + 不定式
be certain + of/about-phrase
be certain + that-clause
但sure強(qiáng)調(diào)主語的心理狀態(tài)，指主語心中無疑或十分確信、有把握，著重于人的內(nèi)心世界，故其主語只能是人，且不能用來形容事件。所以當(dāng)主語是表示事件的名詞、代詞或it時(shí)，只能用certain. certain 著重說明有肯定的理由和證據(jù)使人相信或確信，強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)心世界之外的證據(jù)。e.g.
①it is certain to rain．天肯定會(huì)下雨。
�、贖is information was by no means certain．他的消息-點(diǎn)也不可靠。
�、� It's almost certain that the government will lose the next election．幾乎可以肯定現(xiàn)政府會(huì)在下次選舉中輸?shù)簟?br /> �、躓e are sure/certain of victory．我們確信自己會(huì)獲勝。
(5)make sure表示"查明，弄確實(shí)"和"(采取行動(dòng))確保"，其用法是：
make sure + of-phrase
make sure + that-clause
�、� I think I locked the door，but I'll just go back and make sure of it/that I did．
我想我是鎖了門，但我還是回去查看一下吧。
�、赥hey made sure of winning by scoring two goals in the last five minutes．
他們?cè)谧詈笪宸昼娺M(jìn)了兩個(gè)球，確保了這場比賽的勝利。
2. Perhaps I'll go to that one。也許我會(huì)去聽那個(gè)報(bào)告。
Maybe it was useful for some people．它(指報(bào)告)對(duì)一些人或許有益。
這兩句都不表示可能性的句型。此外還有probably和possibly。注意它們的區(qū)別。
�。�1）maybe"大概，或許"，意思與perhaps很接近，多數(shù)地方可以換用，但不及perhaps正式，多用于口語，還可用于禮貌的建議或請(qǐng)求，多用于句首或句末，多用于美國。
(2)perhaps"也許，可能，大概"，可與maybe換用，但比maybe正式。perhaps還可用于建議，清求及溫和的命令，英國用法。
(3)probably"大概，很可能"，所表示的可能性雖不是完全肯定，但比maybe，perhaps實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性大多與動(dòng)詞連用。
�。�4）possibly"可能地，也許，或許"，較probably意味弱，在肯定句里表可能性很小，在否定、疑問句中與can，could連用，表示"無淪如何也不"，肯定句中與can，could連用，以加強(qiáng)語氣，表示"設(shè)法，竭力地"。e.g.
�、貾erhaps/Maybe I'll go．我或許會(huì)去。
�、赥his is perhaps his best novel yet．這也許是他迄今為止寫得最好的一部小說。
③Perhaps/Maybe you would like to join us for lunch．也許您愿意和我們一塊去吃午飯。（表請(qǐng)求）
④You'd better go now，perhaps．您最好還是現(xiàn)在就走。（表命令）
�、軯ohn probably told his father all about the matter；he usually tells him everything．約翰很可能把這一切都告訴了他的父親；他通常對(duì)父親是什么都說的。(表可能性很大)
⑥I'll do all I possibly can.我將盡我的所能去做。(與can連用)
�、逫 can't possibly drink any more．我無論如何不能再喝了。
4．I doubt if he'll be asked to speak again next year．我懷疑明年是否會(huì)再次邀請(qǐng)他發(fā)言。
用doubt表示懷疑的句型：
(1)doubt + that-clause。e.g.
I doubt that she will get the job．我不相信她會(huì)得到那個(gè)工作。
(2)doubt + 名詞/代詞。e．g.
I doubt his honesty.我對(duì)他的誠實(shí)表示懷疑。
(3)doubt + v．-ing form。e.g.
We ever doubted being able to finish the work in time．我們?cè)?jīng)對(duì)能否及時(shí)完成這工作懷疑過。
(4)doubt + of-phrase。e．g.
They have never doubted of success．他們從未對(duì)取得成功有什么懷疑。
如果要表示"對(duì)……沒有懷疑/疑慮"，則用句型There is no doubt about sth．/as to sth./that-clause。
�、賂here is no doubt about the truth of the news．=There is no doubt as to the troth Of the news．消息的真實(shí)性無可懷疑。
�、赥here is no doubt that the news is true．=No doubt that the news is true. 消息無疑是真實(shí)的。
教學(xué)建議Lesson 2
教學(xué)建議
Lesson 2詞語辨析：
2．There was a certain mineral which was even more radioactive than uranium.
此句中的certain 是形容詞，做定語，意思是"某，某一，某種，一定的"，用來表達(dá)：
(1)不具體指明的某個(gè)，某些，或 知而不說的某事物，后接名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式均可。e.g.
�、� Water can be changed into ice or steam under certain conditions.水在一定的條件下可以變成冰或蒸汽。
②.He didn't come for a certain reason.由于某種原因，他沒來。
(2) 表示一個(gè)知之不詳?shù)氖挛铩.g. A certain Ms Jones phoned you today. 有位瓊斯女士今天給你來過電話。
certain與some 的區(qū)別：
certain , some 都可作形容詞，作定語，表示"某，某個(gè)"，前面說到certain 作定語表示不具體指明的某個(gè)，某些或知而不說的事物，或表示一個(gè)知之不祥的事物。而some則用來表示不確定的或不能夠具體說明的某個(gè)人或某物，即不可知的某事物，只修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，且不與冠詞連用。e.g.
a. He went to some place in Africa. 他去了非洲的某個(gè)地方。
b. b. Some man asked to see you just now. 有個(gè)人剛才要求見你。
5. As months went by，the work seemed endless．時(shí)間一個(gè)月一個(gè)月地過去了，而他們的工作似乎并無止境。
(1)此句中g(shù)o by是動(dòng)詞短語，意思是"(時(shí)光)逝去"(不及物性動(dòng)詞短語)。還可作"經(jīng)過(某處)"(及物或不及物性動(dòng)詞短語)。e．g．
�、賂wo years went by．兩年過去了。
②We waited for the procession to go by。我們等著游行隊(duì)伍經(jīng)過。
�、跘 truck went by us at full speed．一輛卡車從我們身旁全速通過。
�、躍he let the chance go by．她錯(cuò)過了機(jī)會(huì)。
(2)go by還可作"依照，遵循，依據(jù)……辦事"解，及物性動(dòng)詞短語.e.g.
He always goes by the rules．他總是按規(guī)則辦事。
(3)go by還可意為"根據(jù)……作出判?quot;。e.g.
Going by her clothes，she must be very rich．從她的衣著來判斷，她很有錢。
go by 與 pass by，pass的區(qū)別：
(1)go by和pass by是同義短語，都可指"經(jīng)過"(某處)，go by是動(dòng)詞+副詞結(jié)構(gòu)，意為"從……旁邊經(jīng)過，經(jīng)過"。pass by意為"經(jīng)過，通過，從……旁邊經(jīng)過"，指經(jīng)過人或物的面前或旁邊而不停頓，也不注意所經(jīng)過的人或物是誰。pass意為"經(jīng)過"，指在人或物的面前或旁邊經(jīng)過，側(cè)重經(jīng)過的動(dòng)作。用pass by時(shí)，側(cè)重不加注意的意味，但在實(shí)際上，pass和pass by常被毫無區(qū)別地使用。e.g．
�、賂he bus went by the stop without stopping.那輛公共汽車停都沒停就從汽車站開了過去。
②A car went by．一輛汽車駛過去。
�、跦e passed by me without noticing me．他從我身邊走過而沒注意到我。
�、躀 pass the church on my way to school．在我上學(xué)的路上經(jīng)過教堂。
�、軸he waved at me as she passed(by)．她經(jīng)過時(shí)向我揮了揮手。
(2)go by，pass by和pass又都可用來指時(shí)間"流逝，過去"。e.g.
�、賁everal years went by before they met again．他們過了好幾年才再次見面。
②A year passed by，and still she had not found a suitable job．一年過去了，但她仍然沒找到合適的工作。
③Two years has passed since I entered this school．我進(jìn)這所學(xué)校已兩年了。
8．Its rays could go through every mineral except lead．它的射線可以穿透除鋁以外的所有其他礦物質(zhì)。
(1)此句中g(shù)o through是動(dòng)詞短語，意思是"穿過，貫穿"，后接名詞。e.g.
The train went through some tunnels．火車通過了若干隧道。
(2)go through還可指"(法律等)被通過"，作不及物或及物性動(dòng)詞短語。e.g．
�、賂he bill has gone through without a vote．該法案未經(jīng)投票表決就通過了。
�、赥he plan must go through several stages．這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃必須經(jīng)過幾個(gè)階段才能通過。
(3)go through還可作"遭受，經(jīng)歷，忍受"解，及物性短語動(dòng)詞。e.g.
The country has gone through too many wars．這個(gè)國家經(jīng)歷了太多的戰(zhàn)爭。
(4)go through還可指"用掉，花掉"，及物性動(dòng)詞短語。e．g.
Have you gone through all your money already?你已經(jīng)把所有的錢都花光了嗎?
(5)go through還可作"仔細(xì)檢查，審查"，及物性短語動(dòng)詞。e．g.
I'm sure it's there-I'll go through the file again．我確信它就在那兒， 我要再次仔細(xì)檢查一下那文件。
10．She refused to treat these new discoveries as though they belonged to her，and instead shared all her knowledge with the whole scientific world．她不同意把這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)看作是屬于她自己的東西，而是獻(xiàn)出自己的全部知識(shí)，與整個(gè)科學(xué)界共享。
(1)此句中as though = as if意思是"好像，仿佛"，作連詞，后接方式狀語從句。從句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般要用虛擬語氣，即動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。e．g．
�、賁he always talks to me as though／if she were／was my sister．她總是以我妹妹的口氣跟我說話。
�、贖e walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg．他慢慢地走，好像腿受傷的樣子。
但as though／if從句在look，seem后，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可不用虛擬語氣。e·g．
①She looks as if she's going to cry．她看起來要哭似的。
�、贗t seems as though he has been at the scene of the crime．看樣子他好像曾在犯罪現(xiàn)場。
(2)句中belong to意為"屬于"，及物性短語動(dòng)詞。注意此詞組無被動(dòng)浯態(tài)，無進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。e．g．
That dictionary belongs to me．那本辭典是我的。
注意此詞組還可意味"是……的一員，與……有關(guān)聯(lián)"。e．g.
I belong to the tennis club．我是這個(gè)網(wǎng)球俱樂部的會(huì)員。
(3)句中share．．．with意思是"與……共用，分享，分擔(dān)"。e．g．
�、� The boy shared his toy with other children．那男孩把他的玩具拿出來，和其他小孩子一起玩。
②Would you share your newspaper with me?我們-起看報(bào)好嗎?
share．．．with與share．．．between／among 的區(qū)別：
share．．．with意思是"與……分享，共用，分擔(dān)"，而share．．．between／among是指"在……之間分配，均分"。如果所分配范圍"在……之間"，是幾個(gè)單數(shù)名詞，則用between；如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，between和among都可以。e．g．
① He shared his property between his wife，his daughter and his son．他把他的財(cái)產(chǎn)分給了他的妻子、女兒和兒子。
�、� Mother is sharing the cakes among／between the boys to make sure that every boy gets some．媽媽在給孩子們分糕點(diǎn)以確保每個(gè)孩子得到一份。
11．Which mineral would you use to protect yourself against radium?你會(huì)用哪種礦物來保護(hù)自己不受鐳的傷害呢? ，
句中protect sb．／sth．a(chǎn)gainst意思是"防御，保護(hù)……使不受(傷害)"，這里介詞against也可換成from，即protect sb．／sth．from．．。e.g.
�、貯 line of forts was built along the border to protect the country against attack．邊界沿線構(gòu)筑了碉堡，以防敵人進(jìn)攻該國。
�、贖e is wearing sunglasses to protect his eyes from the strong sunlight． 他戴著太陽鏡以擋強(qiáng)烈的陽光。
說明：protect against．．．和protect．．．from用法基本相同。防御較為嚴(yán)重的傷害，通常用介詞against，一般情況常用from，但區(qū)分不是很嚴(yán)格。e.g.
Cares should be taken at all times to protect the equipment against／from dust and damp．應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)常注意保護(hù)設(shè)備，不使其積塵和受潮。
教學(xué)建議Lesson 3
教學(xué)建議
Lesson 3詞語辨析：
1．polonium is used to set off a nuclear bomb．釙用來引爆核彈。
(1)本句中set off 意思是"使……爆炸"，及物性短浯動(dòng)詞：e．g．
They set off the fireworks as soon as it got dark．天一黑他們就放焰火(煙花)。
(2)set off 還可指"出發(fā)，動(dòng)身"，不及物性短語動(dòng)詞。e．g．
They set off in search of the lost child．他們出發(fā)去尋找那個(gè)丟失的孩子。
(3)set off 還可意為"引起，觸發(fā)"，及物性短語動(dòng)詞。e．g．
�、賂hat strike set off a series of strikes throughout the country．那次罷工引發(fā)了全國一系列的罷工。
�、贏 letter from home set off an attack of homesickness．一封家書觸發(fā)了他的思鄉(xiāng)病的發(fā)作。
(4)set off 還可指"使某人突然產(chǎn)生某種活動(dòng)"，其后往往接v.-ing，即set s.b．off doing sth．e.g.
Whatever you say will set her off crying.不管你說什么都會(huì)使她哭泣。
(5)set off還可指"襯托，使更明顯"。e．g．
This gold frame sets off your painting well．這金色的框架把你的畫襯托得非常好看。
搭配辨析set off 與setout，set about
(1)set out也可意為"出發(fā)，動(dòng)身"，用法與set off同，不及物性短語動(dòng)詞。e.g.
They set out／off on a sightseeing tour．他們動(dòng)身出去觀光旅行。
(2)set out還可指"開始著手，做某事"，后接動(dòng)詞不定式。e．g.
We set out to paint the whole house but finished only the front part．我們?yōu)橛推嵴孔娱_始干起來，但只完成了前面部分。
(3)set out可指"陳列，擺出，安排"，及物性短語動(dòng)詞。e．g.
�、賁et out the chairs for the meeting in rows of ten．?dāng)[好開會(huì)的坐椅，每排十張。
�、赥he meal was set out on a long table．飯菜擺在一張長桌子上。
(4)set out還可指"表明，陳述，闡述(事實(shí)、理由等)"。e．g.
The reasons for my decision are set out in my report．我作出決定的理由在我的報(bào)告中作了闡述。
(5)set about意為"開始做或處理，著手"，其后接名詞或v.-ing，即set about + sth．／doing sth．e.g.
�、� The sooner we set about it the sooner we'll finish．我們?cè)皆玳_始就可以越早完成這件工作。
②We set about cleaning up mess．我們開始把亂七八糟的東西打掃干凈。
(6)set about還可指"攻擊"，及物性短語動(dòng)詞。e．g.
Our dog set about the postman．我們的狗追著要咬郵遞員。
(1)be used as與be used for，be used to sth．／doing sth，be used to do sth.的區(qū)別：
be used as和be used for都意為"用作"，不同的是as后通常接名詞，for后多接v．-ing；be used to sth．／doing sth．意為"習(xí)慣于某事／做某事"，to在這里是介詞；be used to do sth．意為"被用于做某事"；used to do 意為"過去常常做某事"，used to這里是助動(dòng)詞：e.g.
�、貲uring the war the castle was used as a prison．戰(zhàn)爭期間城堡用來作監(jiān)獄。
�、贒uring the war the castle was used for keeping prisoners in．戰(zhàn)爭期間城堡用來監(jiān)禁囚犯。
�、跧'm used to the noise．我對(duì)這噪音已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了。
�、躀'm not used to getting up early．我不習(xí)慣于早起。
�、軼ind can be used to produce electricity·風(fēng)可以用來發(fā)電。
�、轙his river used to be clean．這條河以前是干凈的。
(2)a cure for...與cure sb.of...的區(qū)別：
a cure for...意為"對(duì)…的治療"，cure這里作名詞；"cure sb. of"意為"治好或治愈某人的...病"，cure這里作及物動(dòng)詞。e．g.
�、賂his is a certain cure for your laziness．這是治懶惰的特效藥
�、贛oving to the country cured her of asthma．搬到鄉(xiāng)下她的哮喘就好了。
be admired as與be admired for的區(qū)別：
（1）be admired as意為"被當(dāng)作……為人們所欽佩"，as是介詞，意為"作為"。
（2）be admired for意為"因(某種原因)而為人們所欽佩"，for是介詞，表示原因。e．g．
He is really admired for his frankness．他以他的坦誠實(shí)在為人們所欽佩。
pay off與pay for，pay，pay...for...的區(qū)別：
pay off + debt指"還清"債款
pay for sth．指"對(duì)(某物)的款"
pay sb．some money意為．"付給某人(多少)錢"。
pay sb．／money for sth．意為"付給(某人款／錢買某物)"。 e．g.
�、賁he tried to leave the shop without paying for the dress．她企圖買衣服不付款就離開商店。
�、贖e paid the servant 5 dollars to wash his car．他付給傭人五元錢叫他洗車。
③He paid her for the work．他付給她工錢。
�、躀 paid ￡200 for the painting.這幅畫我花了二百英鎊。
�、軩id you pay him l00 dollars for that old bike你付給他那輛舊自行車了嗎?
語法教學(xué)：
復(fù)習(xí)定語從句
定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。
1) 限定性定語從句：限定性定語從句對(duì)所修飾的先行詞起限定作用。 限定性定語從句中關(guān)系詞的使用列表如下：
在句中的作用關(guān)系詞說明
主語 關(guān)系代詞：who/that(指人) which/that(指物 關(guān)系代詞不能省略
賓語 who／whom／that(指人)
which／that(指物) 關(guān)系代詞在非正式
文體中可以省略
定語 whose 名詞前表所有關(guān)系
介詞+關(guān)系代詞 whom(指人) which(指物) 關(guān)系代詞不能用who或that
whose(定語) 名詞前表所有關(guān)系
狀語 關(guān)系副詞：when(時(shí)間) where(地點(diǎn))why(原因) 先行詞為表時(shí)間、
地點(diǎn)等的名詞
例：
�、貯nna was an American writer who／that interviewed Mao Ze dong in Ya'an．(指人作主語)
安娜是一位當(dāng)年曾在延安采訪毛澤東的美國作家。
②The friends whom／who／that we met in the park were from Egypt．(指人作賓語)
我們?cè)诠珗@里遇見的朋友來自埃及。
�、跘 taxi is a car (that/which)you can hire．(指物作賓語) 出租車是你可以租用的小汽車。
�、躆any forests where the animals lived were destroyed．(作狀語)
動(dòng)物棲息生活的許多森林遭到破壞。
�、軼e ought to help those families whose men are in the army．(作定語)
我們應(yīng)該幫助那些男人在部隊(duì)的家庭。
⑥He looked at the box from which the voice came．(介詞+關(guān)系代詞)
他看著那只傳出聲音的方箱子。
2)非限定性定語從句：非限定性．定語從句對(duì)所修飾的先行詞(句子)起補(bǔ)充說明的作用，不起限定作用。從句中使用關(guān)系代詞who，whom，which，whose和關(guān)系副詞when，where等，不使用關(guān)系代詞that，作賓語的whom不能用who代替。
例：They visited the city of Hangzhou，which is famous for its beautiful scene．他們參觀了杭州城，它以風(fēng)景秀麗而聞名。
非限定性從句中關(guān)系詞指代整個(gè)句子時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞which。試比較：
�、貰ig floods hit some parts of China in the summer of 1998,which caused a great damage to the country．1998年夏中國部分地區(qū)遭受特大洪災(zāi)，給國家?guī)砹司薮髶p失。(指代整個(gè)句子)
�、赥hey got married on July 1，1997，when Hong Kong returned to our motherland．他們于1997年7月1日喜結(jié)良緣，香港在這一天回歸祖國。(指代時(shí)間作狀語)
學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意的問題(一)
1)先行詞為表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞在從句中作主語或賓語時(shí)關(guān)系詞的使用。當(dāng)先行詞為表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞時(shí)，在從句中作主語或賓語時(shí)，應(yīng)使用代詞which或that，不能用副詞when或where．
�、賏：I'll never forget the days which/that I spent in the country．(which作spent的賓語)
b：I'll never forget the days when I worked in the country．(when代替in the days作狀語)
�、赼：They came to the small village，which was hundreds of miles from the city．(which在從句中作主語)
他們來到這個(gè)小村，小村與城市相距幾百英里。
b：They came to the small village，where not more than l00 villagers lived．(where代替in the village作狀語)他們來到這個(gè)小村莊，那里的村民不超過一百人。
2)the time，the way等為先行詞時(shí)關(guān)系詞的使用。
(1)先行詞為time／moment等表示時(shí)間的名詞時(shí)，用關(guān)系詞when，that均可，且可省略。
例：By the time (when／that) they arrived，the house had been destroyed completely．等他們到達(dá)時(shí)，房子已完全燒毀了。
(2)the way用作先行詞，關(guān)系代詞作介詞in的賓語時(shí)，通常介詞與關(guān)系代詞可以同時(shí)省略；如不使用"in"，則不能用關(guān)系代詞。
例：He hated the ways(which／that)she talked (in)．他不喜歡她說話的方式。
3)關(guān)系代詞只使用that，不使用which的情況。
(1) 關(guān)系代詞前有形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。
This is the funniest drama that I have seen.這是我看過的最滑稽的劇。
(2)先行詞為不定代詞。如：all，everything，nothing，anything，both．either，much，little，none。
例：①Everything that was taught in class seemed easy for him. 對(duì)他來說課堂上教的一切似乎很容易。
(3)先行詞為only，very等詞修飾肘。
例：①It was the only textbook that could be found．這是能夠找到的僅有的一本課本。
�、赥his is the very dictionary that I want to get．這正是我想得到的詞典。
(4)定語從句中固定短語動(dòng)詞和短語中的介詞不能前置。
例：It was the maths book that the boy was in search of．這是這個(gè)男孩正在尋找的數(shù)學(xué)書。
5)whose與of which/whom
(1)都可表所有關(guān)系。
(2)of which/whom還可表示"其中的……"(整體的部分)
例：He told us many stories about Long March，of which this is a good example.他給我們講了許多關(guān)于長征的故事，這是其中一個(gè)很好的例子。
as和which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句比較:
下面是近年高考題中關(guān)于定語從句的試題
1.The result of the experiment was very good, ____ we hadn't expected． (NMET2000，10)
2.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play，____,of course，made the others unhappy.
(NMET2000，17)
A.when B.which C.this D.what
3．Carol said the work would be done by October,____ personally I doubt very much．(NMET99，19)
A.it B.that C.then D.which
4.The weather turned out to be very good,____ was more than we could expect. (NMET94,39)
A.what B.which C.that D.it
它們的答案分別是C、B、D和B，都是用which引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語從句，which代替逗號(hào)前整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。
但有時(shí)關(guān)系代詞as也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，as也是代替整個(gè)主句的意思。如:
As we all know，he never smokes. The foolish boy made the mistake again，as could be expected. ____ is mentioned above，the number of students in senior high school is increasing．('99上海，4)
A.Which B.As C.That D.It
關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句區(qū)別究竟在哪里呢?
1．非限制性定語從句位于句末，而且as或which在從句中作主語、賓語或表語時(shí)可互換。如:
He is a farmer as/which is clear from his manners．(在從句中作主語)
This elephant is like a snake，as／which anybody can see．(在從句中作賓語)
2. which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句一般放在句末，而as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可放在句末，也可放在句中、句首。置于句首時(shí)，不能用which替換。如：
Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sad.
Taiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all.
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.
3.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，意為"這一點(diǎn)"、"這件事"，常與see，hope，expect，know，guess等動(dòng)詞搭配；而which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，與主句有一種因果關(guān)系，可譯為"所以……"。如：
Cyprus, as you all know, is in the Mediterranean．大家都知道，塞浦路斯在地中海。
Bamboo is hollow，which makes it very light。竹子是空的，所以很輕。
4.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，并在從句中作主語時(shí)，其后面的謂語動(dòng)詞必須是連系動(dòng)詞。如果從句謂語動(dòng)詞是行為動(dòng)詞，則必須用which。如：
He married her，as was natural.
She refused to take the medicine，which made her mother angry．
It rained hard yesterday，which prevented her from going to Shenyang.
但若從句謂語是usually, happen，be often the case等時(shí)，仍用關(guān)系代詞as，不用which。如：
He is absent，as is often the case.
幾組正誤辨析：
1．誤：We visited a factory where makes toys for children．
正：We visited a factory which that makes toys for children.
析：此句錯(cuò)誤的原因是把先行詞a factory當(dāng)作從句中的狀 語，實(shí)際上先行詞a factory在從句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞makes的主語。故關(guān)系詞應(yīng)使用which或that。
2．誤：After living in Paris for 50years，he returned to the small town that he grew up as a child。
正：After living in Paris for 50years, he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child。
析：此句錯(cuò)誤的原因是把先行詞the small town當(dāng)作從句中的賓語，實(shí)際上從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語。因?yàn)閺木渲兄^語動(dòng)詞grew up是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞短語，其后的as a child已充當(dāng)了賓語，故從句中缺少狀語，應(yīng)使用關(guān)系副詞where。
3．誤：He paid the boy $15 for washing ten windows，most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year．
正：He paid the boy $15 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year．
誤：This is the boy with him he worked．
正：This is the boy(that／whom) he worked with。
正：This is the boy with whom he worked．
析：在定語從句中，如果介詞及介詞短語用在從句前，其后必須用關(guān)系代詞which(指物)、whom(指人)。上面兩誤句中先行詞windows(物)，the boy(人)應(yīng)分別使用most of which和with whom。如果介詞及介詞短語用在從句句尾，應(yīng)按普通定語從句對(duì)待。
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