動詞不定式、動名詞用法要點講解

（山東日照廣播電視大學(xué) 李莉）
    動詞不定式和動名詞的句法功能比較：
    （附圖 {圖}）
    一、作主語
    ⒈不定式作主語
    動詞不定式作主語時，句子的謂語動詞常用單數(shù)，其位置有以下兩種：
    (1)把不定式置于句首。如：
    To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
    (2)用it作形式主語，把真正的主語不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：
    ①It＋be＋名詞＋to do
    It's our duty to take good care of the old.
    ②It takes sb+some time+to do
    How long did it take you to finish the work?
    ③It＋be＋形容詞＋for sb＋to do
    It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.
    ④It＋be＋形容詞＋of sb＋to do
    It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.
    ⑤It seems(appears)＋形容詞＋to do
    It seemed impossible to save money.
    在句型③中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示贊揚或批評的詞。在不定式前的sb，可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時相當(dāng)于Sb is＋形容詞＋to do句式 ，如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.
    ⒉動名詞作主語
    Learning without practice is no good.
    動名詞作主語時，也常用It句式。如：
    ①It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing…
    It's no good reading in dim light.
    It's no use sitting here waiting.
    ②It's＋形容詞＋doing
    It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.
    這樣用的形容詞有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary則不適用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)用不定式 代替，如：It'simportant for you to keep fit.
    ③There is no+doing
    There is no saying what will happen next.
    在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，動名詞后常帶賓語，相當(dāng)于"It's impossible to…"結(jié)構(gòu)。
    ⒊動詞不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別
    ①不定式作主語經(jīng)常表示具體動作，常與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起；而動名詞作主語經(jīng)常表示抽象動 作，經(jīng)常不與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起。如：
    It's no good eating too much fat.
    It's no good for you to eat so much fat.
    ②動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，可以用名詞或代詞屬格形式作邏輯主語。如：
    It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.
    二、作賓語
    ⒈不定式作賓語
    ①以下動詞后，只能跟不定式作賓語。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,
manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，這些詞大部分可接th at引導(dǎo)的從句。如：
    I decided to ask for my money back.
    I decided that I would ask for my money back.
    When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.
&n

bsp;   When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.

  

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