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如何培養(yǎng)中學(xué)生的閱讀能力
[作者] 王潔
[內(nèi)容]
《中學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱》中規(guī)定：中學(xué)英語教學(xué)要"側(cè)重培養(yǎng)閱讀能力"。因
此培養(yǎng)閱讀能力越來越被廣大 中學(xué)師生所重視。然而，有些學(xué)生盡管讀了一些
課外讀物，做了許多理解練習(xí)題，但閱讀理解能力仍不見提高 。語言水平低當(dāng)
然是一個(gè)主要原因，沒有一定的語言能力就談不上閱讀能力。但是，除了語法、
詞匯、句型結(jié) 構(gòu)這些語言因素外，影響閱讀理解的，還有一些非語言知識(shí)的因
素，如邏輯推理、評(píng)價(jià)判斷能力，以及背景知 識(shí)的多寡等等。
閱讀理解首先應(yīng)搞清詞義。一個(gè)英語單詞往往有多種含義，而它的具體含義
只有在句子中才能確定。因此 ，在文段中確定單詞的意思是一項(xiàng)重要的閱讀技
能。確定單詞的意思首先可以根據(jù)它的詞類和它在句中的位置 來判斷。例如：
only這個(gè)詞，用作形容詞時(shí)意為"唯一的"、"僅有的"，用作副詞時(shí)作"只
是"、"僅"、 "不過"解。請(qǐng)看下面的句子，注意only的位置。
１．Only he lost his dictionary.只有他丟了字典。
２．He only lost his dictionary.他只丟了字典。
３．He lost only his dictionary.他丟的只是他的字典。
４．He lost his only dictionary.他丟了他唯一的一本字典。
５．He lost his dictionary only.他不過丟了字典而已。
判斷一個(gè)單詞的意思不但離不開句子，而且還需要把句子放在上下文中，根
據(jù)上下文提供的線索加以猜測(cè) 。下面介紹幾種猜測(cè)詞意的方法（請(qǐng)猜劃線的單
詞）。
一、同義詞線索
I did not have a roll on my plate,but I do not like bread very much
anyway.我盤子里沒有面包圈 ，反正我也不喜歡吃面包。
從后半句可以看出，說話人不喜歡吃面包�？梢妑oll也是一種面包。通過
bread這個(gè)詞，可以猜出roll的詞 義。
二、環(huán)境線索
We are glad that we live near the sea because we love to eat flounder.
我們非常高興住在海邊， 因?yàn)槲覀兎浅鄢员饶眶~。
這句話如果只看后半句，很難判斷"flounder"的意思，而從前半句所提供
的處所“the sea"，則可推斷 出flounder是一種魚或水產(chǎn)品。
三、用途線索
We like our new house because it has a few elms in the back yardthat
will give us shade and keep the house cooler.我們喜歡新家，因?yàn)樵谒?/p>
后院有幾棵榆樹給我們遮陰，使得房子涼爽。
通過elms具有能給房子遮陰、使房子涼爽的作用，我們不難猜出elms是一
種樹。
四、對(duì)比線索
She is usually prompt for all her classes but today she arrivedin the
middle of her first cl ass.她一般都是準(zhǔn)時(shí)上課，但是今天第一節(jié)課上了一
半她才到。
but一詞表示意思的轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but前后的意思應(yīng)是相反的。后半句的意思
是她今天在"第一節(jié)課上了一半 時(shí)才來"，由此反向推斷，可得出她平時(shí)一向
"準(zhǔn)時(shí)"的結(jié)論。
五、說明線索
Ann is very smart.She always knows the answers to all the
teachers'questions.Ann很聰明。她總 是能回答老師們所有的問題。
第二句是對(duì)第一句的補(bǔ)充說明，一個(gè)能回答老師們所有問題的女孩一定是很
"聰明"的。
六、順序線索
After Ms Ellis put the letter in the envelope,she sealed it andput
a stamp on it.Ms Ellis把信 裝進(jìn)信封里，她把信封封上，然后貼上郵票。
寄信時(shí)，正常的順序應(yīng)是先把信裝入信封，封上口，然后貼上郵票。根據(jù)前
后動(dòng)作，不難看出seal是"封 口"的意思。
當(dāng)然，閱讀僅靠猜測(cè)詞義還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。閱讀的過程就是推測(cè)、判斷、證實(shí)和
再推測(cè)、再判斷的過程。在閱 讀過程中，我們要運(yùn)用自己的知識(shí)及邏輯分析能
力，對(duì)文段的中心思想、作者的觀點(diǎn)、語氣、人物的性格、事 實(shí)的原由以及文
段字里行間暗含的意思進(jìn)行推測(cè)。請(qǐng)看下面的句子。
The doctor gave my sister some medicine,but it didn't change
hercondition.
從這句話里我們獲取的事實(shí)或信息是：
A.My sister didn't like the medicine.
B.My sister took the medicine.
C.The medicine made my sister sick.
D.The medicine changed her condition.
正確答案是B。雖然句子沒有直接提到my sister是否吃了藥，但從后半句
可以得知她顯然是吃了藥，否則 怎么能知道這藥不起作用呢？
有時(shí)猜測(cè)和判斷還涉及概括能力。例如：
The teacher said that we should study Lesson 4 and do Exercise 2on
page 17 because we may ha ve a test tomorrow.
What did the teacher do?
A.Studied for a test.
B.Gave homework.
C.Prepared a test.
D.Opened the book to page 17.
正確答案是B。通過對(duì)所說的話進(jìn)行總結(jié)概括，不難看出，教師是在布置作
業(yè)。
有時(shí)推測(cè)還需要簡單的計(jì)算。例如：
This class meets on Monday,Wednesday,and Friday,and there is a test
at every sixth class mee ting.
When are tests?
A.on Monday B.on Wednesday
[1] [2] 下一頁
C.on Friday
D.on the sixth of the month
正確答案是C。這個(gè)班每星期一、三、五上課，既然每上第六次課時(shí)就有一
次考試，所以每次考試總是在星 期五。
另外，閱讀時(shí)，由于有些學(xué)生缺乏幽默感，因此對(duì)文章中人物的性格、說話
口氣的理解往往出現(xiàn)偏差，品 味不出幽默和諷刺的真正含義，以至選錯(cuò)答案。
請(qǐng)看下面短文。
The Doctor's Call
There was ice on the road,and the doctor's car hit a tree and turned
over three times.To his
surprise,he was not hurt.He got out ofthe car and walked to the nearest
house.He wanted to tele phone the garage for help.The door was opened by
one of his patients.
"Oh，Doctor，"she said，"I have only just teleplone you.You must
have a very fast car.You
have got here very quickly indeed.Therehas been a very bad accident
in the road outside.I saw i t through the window.I am sure the driver will
need your help."
１．Where was the doctor going in his car?
A.We don't know. B.To a patient's home.
C.To a garage. D.To his own home.
２．Which of the following was the cause of the accident?
A.Careless driving.
B.A tree had fallen across the road.
C.A slippery road.
D.There was a thick fog.
３．The doctor went to the house because_______________.
A.he knew one of his patients lived there
B.he had received a call to go there
C.he wanted to use the telephone
D.he was injured and could walk no further
４．Why did the woman patient telephone the doctor?
A.She needed medical treatment.
B.She believed somebody else needed a doctor.
C.To ask how quickly the doctor could come.
D.To ask whether the doctor was coming on his regular visit.
５．How did the woman feel on opening the door and seeing the do
ctor?
A.She had been expecting the doctor,but was surprised that h
e had come so quickly.
B.She had not expected the doctor and wondered why he had co
me.
C.She felt glad that the doctor was not hurt in the accident.
D.She was alarmed at seeing the doctor in a bad state after
the accident.
６．Which of the following is the most likely reply the doctor g
ave the woman patient at the end of the story?
A."Yes,he does need help,your help,not mine."
B."Another accident?I've just had an accident myself!"
C."I got your call and rushed over.I hope I'm not too late.
"
D."I didn't get your call.But I'm here and hope I can help.
"
第一題，短文中并沒有提到醫(yī)生要去何處，答案自然是A。
第二題，文章一開始就介紹了路上有冰。答案是C。
第三題，短文并沒有提及醫(yī)生知道那是誰家，也沒有交待醫(yī)生接了電話，醫(yī)
生也沒有受傷。而短文中卻提 到醫(yī)生想給汽車修理站打電話。答案顯然是C。
第四題，因?yàn)檫@位婦女目睹了這起事故，所以她相信一定會(huì)有人受傷需要救
治。答案是B。
第五題，她盼望醫(yī)生會(huì)來，但沒想到來得這么快。此意在文章中也可以找到。
答案應(yīng)該是A。
第六題就涉及到語氣。醫(yī)生明白，并沒有其他人出車禍。所以他很可能用詼
諧與幽默的口吻對(duì)他的病人說 ："是啊，他是需要幫助。他需要你的幫助，不
是我的幫助。"同時(shí)也可以想象，隨后醫(yī)生一定會(huì)說出"需要 你的幫助"的具
體內(nèi)容，即要借用電話。如學(xué)生缺乏想象力和對(duì)英語語言幽默感的理解，就會(huì)想
象醫(yī)生肯定會(huì) 認(rèn)真地說："Another accident?I've just had an accident
myself!"
因此在閱讀時(shí)，不僅要看懂字面的意思，還要根據(jù)實(shí)際、人物的語氣和心緒
選擇正確的答案。
當(dāng)然，閱讀還有許多方法和技巧。閱讀能力的提高有賴于在閱讀中運(yùn)用所學(xué)
的方法進(jìn)行大量的實(shí)踐，日積 月累，才會(huì)收到理想的效果。
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