- Ԫvʷ--ԪʷɆ(wn)}˼ ]ȣ
- ԪԡԪʷɆ(wn)}˼ ]ȣ
- P(gun)]
Ԫ
ԪʷɆ(wn)}˼
ԪЇ(gu)ŴΨһɱȫ(gu)y(tng)һʮ(li)(gu)(ni)ҪָꑣʷW(xu)ԪʷоI(lng)ȡSTijɹؕI(xin)ɲW(xu)g(sh)ˮƽܸߵĔʷnԪʷ,1986ӢԪʷЇ(gu)(hu)ƌW(xu),1993ԼһЩ}ʹČW(xu)g(sh)ՓȻvʷď(f)sڌW(xu)߿Բx(wn)}׃QҕҊ(jin)Ҋ(jin)(du)M(jn)вدBĿ졣Ĵ㌢x(sh)Y(ji)Ԫ@һɆ(wn)}ꐹҊ(jin)}Ŀ^(g)ˌW(xu)R(sh)\(dng)ʠМ\ª֮̎W(xu)玟ѴՏ
һ ġՓՄ
(gu)ԁ(li)ĚvʷоںL(zhng)r(sh)ڃ(ni)vʷ(jin)λăAԌ(du)º(jin)QоW(xu)߶R˼ՓࡪҰU߿DZЩ^ָ(do)c(din)(qing){(dio)W(xu)(x)՝hĻԼںA(j)(lin)Ͻy(tng)ΡһҕĻ_ͻơpӰԼ߲ƽȵһ(sh)HϣһĆ(wn)}ʮҪԪıF(xin)ȞҊ(jin)ʮ(li)ԪʷW(xu)ь(du)@оĶ(sh)wƫԲСļm
ȻֻЏՓό(du)Ї(gu)ŴT̈́eǏĻҪchĻIJĽǶȌ(du)M(jn)б^оŕ(hu)(du)@ЩԪ(du)Ї(gu)Ŵvʷď(f)sи˽P߲o(w)M(jn)µՓֻᵽһN(gu)W(xu)\(yn)ö҂sL(zhng)ڻرųՓģʽՓ
ՓǵW(xu)κطڱo(j)ǰڡЇ(gu)(hu)ʷ|һ(sh)cЇ(gu)W(xu)TČ(do)J(rn)飺Ї(gu)ŴTy(tng)M(jn)(ni)صIJͬʽɄ֞һ顰BDynasties of Infiltrationʮ(gu)κڶ顰Dynasties of Conquest|ԪchصĻP(gun)ϵ^HHǺ(jin)εͬAssimilationp|(zh)ĺAcculturation(du)hĻTDZ(dng)ȫP܉M(jn)(dng)xw(du)hĻđB(ti)Ҳг̶ϵIJe^AڵB^AաTڏǰĻʽIJ|Ԫ^Aڵ^A@һ(wn)Ժձ_(ti)W(xu)g(sh)綼a(chn)˺ܴӰҲɠ(zhng)ՓЇ(gu)ČW(xu)g(sh)оsһֱܵо߶Сĵر_(ki)@һՓ}ʹżἰҲ鷴^c(din)֮顰eġϜy(c)쿴(li)҂B(ti)zӑıҪ
҂СՓҪJ(rn)κ@һՓ(qing){(dio)vʷϱcԭhČ(du)_ͻAͥ(ni)P(gun)ϵ@NĬF(xin)(sh)l(f)xSW(xu)g(sh)о(yng)ԓ^(gu)ܸҡκϾںηNĿǷڼW(xu)g(sh)ՓòՄ҂P(gun)ĵģՓ(du)҂оǷІl(f)ͽbr(ji)ֵJ(rn)飬MκϡՓһЩw(wn)}дȶw߀ֵÅ,e(du)͵Ŭ(yng)϶Ȼ ġֱ^HһЩM(jn)ԭr(sh)ķʽ(jng)ڵĠB(ti)ƺПo(w)`J(rn)vʷһȴ^(gu)匦(du)hB(ti)c쌢ͬAĽMɲì(yng)ԓF(xin)(sh)vʷ_(ti)W(xu)ʒcu(png)ՓԪʷоrr(sh)f(shu)ɹ˳ɞAͥijɆTy(tng)ԭϵĽY(ji)ȴ(sh)Z(y)(sh)ƽ(sh)ͨ_(d)֮Փ
猢Փ(dng)W(xu)һ֮J(rn)䆢l(f)ͽbr(ji)ֵ҂Ϳƽo(li)ӑՓĵʧ缚(x)ӷκϵһЩ^c(din)Ǥy֮ͨ̎ڄ͕r(sh)ƺ^(gu)֏(qing){(dio)˸y(tng)M(jn)ԭ^(gu)̡ʽҪԓǰĽ(jng)(j)B(ti)ֻڏČٵλʹµ^(gu)ʽκόκ顰BĴ|(dng)֮һҲІ(wn)}κذrɴĮԱwɽ´߀f(shu)^ƽġB^(gu)(dng)?sh)·r(sh)H܊ʮf(wn)ϳRأھעj(lu)[ǧжǰݽ˕x(yng)ŶɽĶ_ԭĽy(tng)䌍(sh)Ҳf(shu)һγɹġֻ^(gu)ֱӌ(du)ֲǝh(qun)ڽ|r(sh)cذrһ(g)ѽ(jng)L(zhng)ڸ|δhռhһ硪ʮֻxȡƶõij(li)|̫Үɵ¹¹xһȿԭsδܷ(wn)ք(sh)K@Ҳ֪Ї(gu)֮yˡǪNwδ(sh)F(xin)K|һ(gu)ҽy(tng)һֱ](mi)κԪǘhr(nng)I(y)^(q)ġx(sh)ڿf(shu)@κطՓm|(dng)ͼоƺһ(g)e(cu)`x
ôһ(g)Կ͵ġ@(g)κطҲעǾÁ(li)c|QԪڷNNԭ](mi)܉ʹM(jn)U(du)ĸҲ](mi)ʮĽ綨κP(gun)Լ(gu)W(xu)ߵ^m(x)l(f)]X(ju)(g)l(du)Ї(gu)vʷϵĵ͡ǺҪȣy(tng)ڡhǰ(yng)һ(g)(jng)(j)chr(nng)I(y)(hu)ȻĮġ^IJԭڶԓڡhǰ(yng)(dng)ь(du)Įԭ(sh)ʩஔ(dng)ЧĽy(tng)ˏ(qing)IJԭۇ(gu)ԓ(sh)F(xin)ˌ(du)hصġMܴȫռ˝h۾ӵ^(q)(dng)ȻڏVxϡҲԃH߂һɂ(g)lJ(rn)ֻͬr(sh)߂(g)lſɷQ͵ġ
Ї(gu)ŴTֻԪͬr(sh)߂(g)lɹ(dng)ڴdXwɹŸԭвƫ|IJɽɽ^(q)CҪa(chn)ʽֱɼ˼(gu)·r(sh)ֹκɹˏr(nng)I(y)(jng)I(yng)IJϡڽ(gu)ʮƽԭԺ߀Fhr(nng)I(y)^(q)ϤԞء
7ԪǰɹŇ(gu)(gu)Į낀(g)o(j)(sh)ʩ˷ַơѦǧّƵһϵ(gu)ҵƶȣ(du)ĮԭƵď(qing)̶ȳǰκһ(g)@һ(g)ۇ(gu)K˽y(tng)һȫЇ(gu)΄(w)ˡɽOɳ|M|Խ
8Ĵһy(tng)@Щ濴Ԫ顰о?j)r(ji)ֵ(sh)Ҫ|@Ҳ^(q)eκ|ȱP(gun)I֮̎@һǶȁ(li)Ԫ?d)vʷܕ(hu)(du)ԪJ(rn)R(sh)øڱᵽՓJ(rn)@һՓ(du)҂˽Ԫ(yng)u(png)r(ji)(du)HHvʷ(jng)^(gu)һNB(ti)o(w)e(qing){(dio)~(y)ԸҲ
ɹŇ(gu)ɫvʷӰ
1206ɼ˼yӣۺӣԴɹF(bio)־ɹŇ(gu)Ľ˺v(jng)C_(ti)Fɡɸֱ1260Ҽλڝh؞ֹ@낀(g)o(j)ĚvʷԪʷϱQɹŇ(gu)r(sh)MxԪָĺҼλ1368ԪֹĚvʷVxԪҲ˴ɹŇ(gu)@һA@Εr(sh)gɹFij˙MWδеۇ(gu)ɹŇ(gu)낀(g)o(j)Ľy(tng)(du)Ԫ?d)vʷĮԭvʷЇ(gu)vʷa(chn)ஔ(dng)ҪӰ
cǰ彨(qun)ɹŇ(gu)֮̎ǰͬ(qun)(dng)ռԭߡ籱κͽ𣬽δЧĮʹHռԭֵ^(q)|ҲһֱԴdX϶ľһy(tng)(du)Įԭֻ܌(sh)вʽby(tng)Ʋι߅L(zhng)_һ(wn)}f(shu)Ǵʹ˥ҪһĮ(sh)ʩ^(gu)Чy(tng)ε(qun)ūͻʺ(gu)](mi)܌(sh)ԭ^(q)ʼKһ(g)^(qun)Ҳچһ(jng)(j)Y(ji)(gu)IJ(wn)ɹŇ(gu)tͬڲι̿Įͬr(sh)ˌ(du)ԭЁȴƬr(nng)^(q)γһ(g)|韵-r(nng)ۇ(gu)(chung)vʷϵE
r߀Hˡڌ(du)ɺஔ(dng)L(zhng)r(sh)gɹŇ(gu)ȻһӾSĮy(tng)ĺ͇(gu)ұλĵλ(du)ռеr(nng)^(q)Hȡgӽy(tng)εķʽԿơ@ǡԪۇ(gu)ڵ@F(xin)ҲɹŇ(gu)vʷһ(g)P(gun)Iءijɼ˼ɸδ(jin)(sh)вԭλҕӹԱ(ni)ءԭֻۇ(gu)Ė|һδ]^(gu)ᘌ(du)hصrÚvԭĵƶȼԽy(tng)κڴɹŇ(gu)y(tng)µİ낀(g)o(j)ԭƲȱͷ(wn)F܊yᣬߝɶOƽաŰo(w)Ŀظ桱Դ@Ngӽy(tng)ηʽͲԭλC_(ti)r(sh)ҮɳĮ(dng)(qun)ԇD׃rʧKֱ1260ҼλhأНhܰﲻĸ(jng)(zhng)ZĮŌɹŇ(gu)ҵĽy(tng)ɲԭλ׃?yu)hرλɹŇ(gu)Ҳɴʽ׃Ԫ
ɹŇ(gu)낀(g)o(j)IJԭλy(tng)̵ӰԺԪĚvʷmȻwĮԭ顰d֮ءڇ(gu)ռҪλy(tng)μF(tun)yȫĝhr(nng)I(y)^(q)ĽǶȳl(f)(wn)}ԭλߵӰL(zhng)ڻ\ֲɢ@ں̶ܴϳɞԪ˥ԭ֮һ߀Ҫһ棬ɹŇ(gu)Ľy(tng)΅s(du)Įԭ(hu)ʮַeOɹŽ(gu)ǰĮԭǧld˥o(w)ɹŽ(gu)ĽǧĮԭһֱֻɹһ(g)w壬ʹԪɹŽy(tng)һ(qun)w֮⡣@(yng)(dng)f(shu)Įԭvʷϵһ(g)A׃
vʷоУĻw롰ͣ(hu)һN](mi)Кvʷ(hu)@Ȼ(li)(hu)](mi)ǰM(jn)l(f)չvʷHHچ{(dio)ѭh(hun)(f)ĴɹŇ(gu)ǰĮԭ׃(li)@һʧ֮ƫHɹϚvʷ_(ti)֮ǰĮԭȺF(xin)^(gu)ūrȻͻؼv彨ď(qing)(gu)һ(lin)ˡmʢOһr(sh)(du)ԭ(gu)ɇ(yn){(qun)Msǽ干ͬwA(ch)֮ϡQ֮](mi)Л_MѪ⚤෴sͨ^(gu)@NѪ⚤(gu)(qun)γһN(lin)ˇ(gu)ҡ@ЩڲԭϕһһF(xin)δL(zhng)?yn)y(tng)βcIJԭTһֱδܳɹڞһwںϵIJɹc(qun)c(din)ИOP(gun)ϵɹŽ(gu)rt˲ͬɹŇ(gu)Įԭ(gu)ҵƶȰl(f)չһ(g)Aedzɼ˼ԭՄ֞ǧّ?ni)y(tng)Y(ji)(gu)ɞµĻ(hu)M͇(gu)҆λǧّƶ干ͬwuֽԭԭи岻ǰ(gu)µıǘ܉ԼM(du)(d)cy(tng)β塪ɹŝuڅһγȫ¶г־ɹЌW(xu)߷QɹŇ(gu)顰(gu)ҡĴԅ^(q)eڴǰġŴ(gu)ҡĮԭҲɴˏġͶȰl(f)չr(sh)ڡ(jng)xr(sh)ڡ^(gu)ɡ
ڿ׃r(sh)҂܆μ(qing){(dio)ɼ˼(chung)ƶȵ(yng)(dng)۹ͶɹŇ(gu)vʷȫM(jn)˺Ԫ(du)Į^m(x)ơǧّƶȵČ(sh)ʩ_(ki)ʼ˲ԭ߽ͬγɹͬJ(rn)ͬ^(gu)@(g)^(gu)̲һ͵ɹŇ(gu)ԭܿ쌢y(tng)Įԭ](mi)бʮĵۇ(gu)ĵλôԭϲںϵڅ(sh)ͿֹD(zhun)ɹžͿܳɞĮvʷһ(g)һһF(xin)Ľy(tng)ɹŇ(gu)y(tng)εxɹF@Εr(sh)gﲻH^m(x)얹(qing)ǧّµƶwϵҳ˱^(q)(hu)YԴ|(zh)ؔ(ci)ڄ(dng)ȡĮԭ(w)ʹ@һh(yun)āM(jn)һ(g)sSr(sh)˹ʷ־M(fi)ژOԮ(dng)r(sh)ԭ׃Ⱥf(shu)ɹ˵ľяijؚϴ׃Sʳ@Nm(x)(wn)sľM(jn)ɹԭM(jn)̡ʹҶhԺڲԭλߵĚӰ푣Ԫy(tng)ߌ(du)ĮȻԳҕO(sh)ο˾ʡșC(j)(gu)M(jn)܊ɴ܊(du)vؔ(ci)ϲo~(jng)M(fi)nKԪһĮһֱοcǰ|ȣbsѷrȻͬ@һNƽ(wn)΄(sh)£Į(hu)Y(ji)(gu)ɼ˼_(ki)(chung)ĵ·uul(f)׃ԪmȻʮo(j)°~Įѽ(jng)(hu)ūͻʺ(gu)ǘӳF(xin)µĽy(tng)ˡ
һЩW(xu)áҮa(chn)Ƈ(gu)ҡPatrimonial Stateĸ(li)ūͻɹŵĮŴۇ(gu)ć(gu)ҽY(ji)(gu)Ĵ_@һH҂(qun)?yn)ַƵĹͬ?gu)c(din)@NɺҼɆT(du)M(jn)зָy(tng)εķʽ@Ó̥ڲԭָҮa(chn)ķʽһҦָҮa(chn)Ƈ(gu)ҡR˹fһ(g)ஔ(dng)ĸĮַƇ(gu)ֻ(yng)һΑB(ti)(sh)HЇ(gu)Ŵɱ̩Z(y)ϵT彨(qun)䌢y(tng)ԭ֮ǰ߂fQҮa(chn)Ƈ(gu)ҡėlĸ(qun)ƼL(zhng)(qun)ӡy(tng)ȱϵy(tng)Ŀƌƻ(g)˼C(j)P(gun)U(ku)(qun)y(tng)ΙC(j)(gu)ȵ@ЩҮa(chn)Ƈ(gu)ҡԸ(j)(du)Үa(chn)IJͬ̎ʽ֞ɷNһQ顰ͼҮa(chn)Ƈ(gu)ҡԖ|ƽԭϵŮ(gu)Һذr(gu)Ҟ(du)Үa(chn)ȡ^еĹʽδM(jn)@ķָԭ彨(gu)ǰĻ(dng)(du)MС(g)wͥδȫ(d)ϵ(hu)(jng)(j)(sh)wȻձһtԷQַͼҮa(chn)Ƈ(gu)ҡ(gu)ĮūͻɹŇ(gu)Ҟ@Щ(gu)ҵĽIJԭ(hu)У(g)w(jng)(j)l(f)_(d)ɢ(jng)I(yng)څ@ˌ(du)Үa(chn)IJԭ(gu)Ҳȡ˷ָ(jng)I(yng)Ľy(tng)ηʽūچͥ҃жʮĴַtҹͬաʮL(zhng)ͻдСɺ֮СɺСO(sh)ķַɹńtɳɼ˼ڽ(gu)TܡTԴֱݠĴأ˼ɹZ(y)(gu)֮⣩ģTQ|TTQT
ԭrҲɿҮa(chn)Ƈ(gu)ҡ@^(q)eһ(qun)ڽhʽ䡰Үa(chn)ơɫʼF(xin)ɆT{ֱӅc(gu)ҹռ(j)ҪλڶġҮa(chn)ơF(xin)tȫͬԾҳݳF(xin)ĮF塪ͬռɆTԺvʷаҪɫ
ڹŴԭ(jng)(j)м彛(jng)I(yng)rȻͬr(sh)ҲdzھS(qun)y(tng)һԱ(du)(sh)Ҫ^ַͼҮa(chn)Ƈ(gu)ҡķַⲢصڷָăHһ֡Үa(chn)ۇ(gu)ĺIJɾֱݠȌڼ幫a(chn)ҲǸL(zhng)(qun)?yn)ͬӵܶѸԱַԾֻF(li)@ݹa(chn)ūԮմҹǶoͻʄtٹٹl(f)ڹcūͻɹŇ(gu)ġa(chn)ڇ(gu)ռظʷӛdɼ˼r(sh)ɹ܊(du)129 000зַoӵ߃H28 000ʣ101 000˽ԼֱݠҷַҪڲԭĴƬr(nng)^(q)幫a(chn)ɴy(tng)һɹͬr(sh)ɹŵķַָⷶVӵַܷ(li)߀l(f)չݵķַһЩcͨļҲõ@Ӆca(chn)ֻʣЩҳAӵĴεȮFԭ(hu)(w)(du)(jin)Σڻδռr(nng)^(q)ūͻʇ(gu)F(sh)Û@ɹŇ(gu)tȻHԭЁr(nng)I(y)Ӆ^(q)(li)߀M(jn)һl(f)չhģʽĴһy(tng)@ͽoЩҳεȮF?jn)Uչ(sh)ęC(j)(hu)
ɼ˼(gu)O(sh)¹٣Ҳࣩ̎˾(w)ͬr(sh)U(ku)Լo(h)l(wi)܊ѦMx(gu)(w)ɹŇ(gu)r(sh)ҡݰաֵFԭtڸԷ(ni)ʹy(tng)Ι(qun)(du)(gu)ącҪF(xin)ϯT(hu)Qȴƽr(sh)HԅӴɹŇ(gu)ճ(w)Ĺ¹ٺѦɆTҪĕ(sh)ı^ࣩHżҳǡǡںһl(f)]ҪáҮɳæϵˣԙ(qun)Qæδ¹Ю(dng)ߣmԷָۣ֮ɸ磩o(w)(bo)ɡۻPδæǰۼۆ(wn)ࡱ@NεȮF(sh)Ûڅ(sh)ԺԪo(w)pÝhһםhʽřC(j)(gu)T(hu)_(ki)ݸӷB(yng)̎(yu)c(gu)ճ(w)ѻo(w)档KԪһ߀Ҳ_C(j)܉CһλҳɆTݰҲֻȔ(sh)෴ɴεȮFMɵѦMsǸ(j)ŵҪ(li)Դϻʵۙ(qun)^(w)(qun)ءɞԪvʷһ(g)F(xin)ԪڴFľ^(qun)ٰΣÃֻϵĽy(tng)Ԫɹ˻ĮԺFĄ(sh)Ȼ(qing)ֺҳɆT(zhng)L(zhng)ʹԭL(zhng)̎ڄ(dng)ʎ֮ʮo(j)֮_(d)Ӻҙ(qun)ٶȽy(tng)һɹŲԭһΌ(sh)˷ֵַע_(d)ӺmԻ֏(f)ɼ˼I(y)Ŀ̖(ho)̖(ho)ɹķַscɼ˼кܴͬf(shu)ӏصסδƳɼ˼أ˼ǘԼֱݠеļ幫a(chn)njȫI(lng)طַf(wn)y(tng)I(lng)f(wn)vڲf(wn)(ni)(li)ֻ@һ(g)f(wn)o(w)ȫɹ_(d)Ӻ@NַⷽʽDzБͽԪԁ(li)ҳ(sh)ÛӖ(xn)˼뱳أ(du)߀^m(x)̽ӑ(sh)@N^صķַĴ_CλˮF(sh)İl(f)չȻɹŵJ(rn)ͬҲ˶y얹̣I(lng)(qun)˥ɹŇ(gu)ĘsҫKֻɞbh(yun)ĚvʷҲS_(d)Ӻʼϲ
Ԫĝht(wn)}
ԪĚvʷďVx1206ɹŇ(gu)1368ԪһʮꡣĪMxt1260ҼλhأНhԪнy(tng)1368ֻһһy(tng)ĉL(zhng)ֵЇ(gu)ŴSһy(tng)ڃ(ni)nrԪtͬKԪһ](mi)Џ(qing)ֻǰc_(ti)C_(ti)ɺ(gu)M(jn)һΕr(sh)gđ(zhn)(zhng)Ԫڑ(zhn)ȫƽϢԪҪڃ(ni)nڃ(ni)ʹ@һ(g)ʢOһr(sh)Ĵۇ(gu)^(gu)ر(ni)Ć(wn)}҂^(gu)ȥ(x)TáA(j)ìܼJ(hu)ΣC(j)ء֮ɽһ(g)˥ԪҲ@mκγo(w)@ʾԵʹ_ҲֻDZӵU҂Mڴˣͱ뵽Ěvʷ(sh)̽˥ľw(du)ԪҪĻȥԭҲf(shu)ԪĶҪڽy(tng)μF(tun)cy(tng)ε^(q)Ļδ
Ї(gu)ŴTԭܵhr(nng)I(y)Ѭϝh·һ(g)Ěvʷڅ(sh)wܝhĻӰ푵\ͼǴвeԪĝh·cκM(jn)(ni)صı@ȞDyȞػۣátָ^tָֹͣ(dng)ָM(jn)չt(du)ɹŇ(gu)IJԭλQɹŴ(du)hֻȡgӽy(tng)ѹζpɡhزΡľҼλҸНhy(tng)ĮƵhĶڝh·~P(gun)IһȻНhķһ_(ki)ʼDzصS(qun)O(sh)ôw̓xĶYƳɣM(jn)һНhĻĹڅͣ˺KԪһĝhM(jn)̣mڂ(g)e(wn)}߀аl(f)չw(li)δԽ(hu)ȦӡK(hu)M(jn)ɹf?yn)頿浽Fؙ(qun)棬ڡĻµõL(zhng)ڱy(tng)ߟڌ(du)U(ku)(du)(ni)ؔ(ci)ʹ(hu)Ԫ?d)δֻ֏?f)r²ܵµĴ˷NNʹԪɞһ(g)](mi)Сʢ겻Ĵһy(tng)
Ԫhtһ(g)(f)sֵ̽ӑ}ĿжNF(xin)еһЩʷW(xu)^(gu)оҕߵеȵƝ٘̎Ⱦͽy(tng)μF(tun)Ļ|(zh)@һ(c)(li)ԪԻʵ۞ɹFܝhĻʮ־еĴ(sh)ʼK(du)h^(q)ĵƶ˼Ļ^Ĥ@(yng)(dng)ǝhtһ(xing)Ҫ(ni)
Z(y)ֵʹҲӳr˼ͷ²ĸ(chung)ơɹ֡C£ٷĕ(sh)(sh)(xi)Ԯ(dng)?sh)֣hηأĵȣ֮ƏV@N͢ڵطϏVO(sh)ɹW(xu)M(jn)нh˞@M(jn)֮AɹW(xu)x(sh)ɹZ(y)ȡɹɹŻAѳɞh(hu)вrҊ(jin)ɹZ(y)Z(y)~߀BhZ(y)(dng)γһNdzɫġԪԒw|T(chung)Լ֣](mi)ķN܌(du)h^(q)a(chn)@ôhZ(y)Č(du)ɹFӰ푣sȌ(du)Ľy(tng)öm͢ҪʹZ(y)ʷӛdc峼SČ(du)Ԓrf(shu)ÿ(du)tԓgȻҊ(jin)֮gԲI(lng)Z(y)ⲻX(ju)Ƕ֮Ҋ(jin)mһ̶ȵĝhZ(y)ˮƽԲȫÓxg@NrԪTБ(yng)(dng)DZ^дԵģֻɂ(g)ʵۡں혵hZ(y)ˮƽԸ⡣Ԫ峼?yu)ʵ۹ݔ˼ò?jng)(sh)ʷ(sh)P(gun)vķg(li)M(jn)vM(fi)ţ֮gʿ^һyMɹɫĿͨhĵҲٔ(sh)wʹоָԪΩ(x)h(x)hҲеɹF嵽طι(zh)P(xi)ߡ֮^D(zhun)D(zhun)Ҋ(jin)ߞЦh^(q)Ľy(tng)(du)hZ(y)裬y(tng)Чǿ֪
chtc(din)(lin)ϵԪwҲʬF(xin)rĶԪɫʣ^Нhִ(gu)סʷW(xu)ɭf(shu)ʷԁ(li)Ԫo(w)ƶRϵ֮R֮L(zhng)ξð֮˟o(w)֮̎^o(w)ƶȡ](mi)ƶ(yng)(dng)ָƶȾжԪԣchy(tng)ĵƶȲ^ͬ(sh)ԪƶȵĶԪc|ϱٲʽͬF(xin)顰ɝhsۡɷNͬ(li)ԴƶȻ(lin)ϵǶͬһ\(yn)D(zhun)ϵy(tng)(dng)(qun)wʽȻǂy(tng)ĝhʽ뼯(qun)y(tng)wϵɹfƄt@һwϵ(ni)IJͬλl(f)]κTƶȶ|(zh)Ԫ@(du)ԪķNNɹfơԪʷW(xu)ߴ^(gu)^о̎f(shu)ԪһЩƶȵƶ\(yn)濴](mi)к(qing)ɹɫʣ䱾|(zh)υsԷӳĻı@(sh)HҲƶȶԪɫҪwF(xin)
TƶȞTԪc(din)һ(xing)ƶڴ֮¹(dng)Tɞ¼(j)نTҪ(li)Դ@Щȱy(tng)˼Ѭ(x)ұ^Ļ|(zh)£sԿ̱ķ(du)Ԫθ(hu)ìܼؓ(f)кܴ؟(z)ΡһЩW(xu)(jng)(j)ԪTchƶȸ(sh)tSָɹŽy(tng)ƶ@һƶȕr(sh)](mi)^(gu)y(tng)h(hu)P(gun)cf(shu)Ԫǝhƶȵzf(shu)ɹŽy(tng)y(tng)R(sh)ĝB(du)hƶJ(rn)R(sh)hصĮa(chn)T(du)ĿeƶȅsͻȻͣUÿ(dng)л֏(f)ܕr(sh)y(tng)߿(du)䲻x֏(f)Ҳo(w)(sh)(du)˸֛](mi)и|(dng)y(tng)ƶƶȡȡʩM(jn)иNxr(sh)y(tng)R(sh)(hu)(do)Qߵƫ(du)vʷa(chn)ӰwF(xin)żȻԣ(du)҂^(gu)ȥҕ(sh)Ԫĺܶƶ׃Ҋ(jin)ƶl(f)չ^vʷԣȻڅ(sh)Ҫ?yn)ɹFy(tng)R(sh)ӡҪĻıȥƵĻyʏsַƵ̧^(qun)Ûط(qun)ļֶ^
ՄɹF匦(du)hƶJ(rn)R(sh)֜\ĤĆ(wn)}߀eһЩȤOF¶ڣʃ(ch)ڽo̫ӌܐ(i)_(d)ڣf(xi)ZλйҲ顰̫ӡ(li)ͬڞ̫ӡ@ڝhƶн^(du)ǷdzƵ£Ԫ֮ԳF(xin)?yn)ɹŽy(tng)ڝhe(cu)`،̫ӡ(dng)˲ɲжĻʃ(ch)̶~̩۞錦(du)ĸʾȻҪ̫̖֮(ho)顰̫̫Ԯ(dng)(zhng)ָcYϡ·Thy(tng)ƶ̫ξ˾ͽ˾՞Ԫ?jing)سĘs̓㕡ԪҪڣspnSEɮHEڳH(j)?µӛdYһξT̫ξ˾ͽ˾ӡʮö(zhn)Cl(f)̫ξ㕼^(gu)EԪѝuuٷQ?yu)ָǰһQ顰Ϲ(g)ߵĘsu(y)^㕡̫̫̫ڕr(sh)ޡ(jng)䡷ɴf(shu)҇(gu)̫̫̫(du)܇d̫ξ˾ͽ˾Մtáûpp^(gu)@һ׃uá
ԪhtԭܶW(xu)ߏIJͬ挦(du)^(gu)о(li)ԭҪȣɹM(jn)ԭǰ±^μ-C(jng)(j)(du)hr(nng)I(y)ȫo(w)|˽⡣ذrǰL(zhng)ڸסcr(nng)I(y)(hu)^|rȻŮ棨M壩˄t_(ki)ʼM(jn)дַŵr(nng)I(y)a(chn)ǰJ(rn)R(sh)r(nng)I(y)(jng)(j)ҪԡP(gun)һόӽR(sh)ΑB(ti)ҪȺyöڶκȳ(gu)|ΨһwϵM(jn)ĻǝhĻɹŽ(gu)hĻ߀ܵެĻЁ˹mĻWĻӰ(du)ĻؚɹŽy(tng)߁(li)f(shu)hĻǪ(d)һo(w)ˎMܙMWɹŵۇ(gu)ڽþ(sh)ϵķֻԪĴ(gu)ஔ(dng)L(zhng)ĕr(sh)gԪxһֱ߀ֻɹۇ(gu)һ֡Įԭڇ(gu)ռҪλһ(g)(qing)صIJԭF弯F(tun)@ʹԪy(tng)μF(tun)Բܔ[ÓԭλߵӰL(zhng)yȫĝh^(q)ĽǶȳl(f)(li)(wn)}@һrҲDZκȱ߂ġyԪht؟(z)Κwںҵij(g)ӵ(hu)
@(g)(wn)}ӑՓЌY(ji)ĕr(sh)ܲᵽԪS缴ʹˆ(wn)}l(f)^(gu)ʮ˻ζҊ(jin)Ԫ꣨1266S裬Փ(gu)Ҏ(gu)ՄáhĆ(wn)}(dng)r(sh)Ҽλѽ(jng)hʽĿѳ춨(gu)ҽy(tng)ĵD(zhun)S⿴(li)hȻȱL(zhng)h(yun)Ҏ(gu)Ӌ(j)Ӌ(j)㡱o(w)һ֮Փf(shu)΄(sh)ÝhҲҊ(jin)J(rn)h߀](mi)ȫ(sh)ֵע(du)ԪhM(jn)̵ĹӋ(j)ஔ(dng)^J(rn)顰Ա֮Ї(gu)֮ʮ겻ɳɹԭtڡ(gu)h(yun)TsȲͬՓyᶨf(wn)(gu)۳Fһ(q)֮ij֮\ľ(gu)֮(sh)yƈ_(d)֪ԭ(sh)vʥ֮tԹW䲻ҲҜԺ簲ԥʮ꣬B(yng)β֮(sh)Ӵ˸ĸySһѭuM(jn)ķu֮Ħ֮Ԛq£Ĉ(jin)_δв׃ߡҪҡVŶ(jin)֮sСˣI(yng)С؟(z)Чԡ@Ӳп_(d)֮@ƪdz҂˽Ԫ΄(sh)ԪĚvʷƵĵͳՓ{(dio)ׂ(g)Ǻyġ
һM(jn)hصı(qun)y(tng)߶(hu)ஔ(dng)L(zhng)r(sh)gﱣֱ^(qing)R(sh)@NR(sh)ܕ(hu)l(f)Ļ_ͻ籱κĴƇ(gu)ʷ֮z峯ď(qing)l(f)֪zᄳ˴Ҏ(gu)ģѪԽy(tng)һ@ٸKȻڂ(g)e(wn)}Ļ_ͻļҳ̶ȣcĻĴС෴@N(g)e_ͻf(shu)y(tng)̓Ա(du)ĻȱĵӇ(yn)ԪrtȻĻߵɺ͌H鮔(dng)ʷW(xu)wQͬr(sh)ɹŽy(tng)ߵR(sh)(sh)HDZɹġԪS˶˥ʧ֮|磬֮ɣɹҲ˶Ԫ֮܉L(zhng)ñԼĂy(tng)Aͥvʷİl(f)չԼؕI(xin)@Ҳӳvʷď(f)sԡ
Ї(gu)vʷl(f)չеԪ
(du)Ї(gu)vʷl(f)չM(jn)Ԫvʷλu(png)r(ji)һ(g)ʷW(xu)ѽ(jng)Մ?w)ܶԒ}w(li)ƺЃɷNͬڅԪʷҪоvʷČW(xu)Ľ(jng)(j)ƉĺP(gun)ϵ(qing)ķl(f)(du)ԪAڷ32Ԫʷ҄t^؏(qing){(dio)ԪķeO(du)eԪĺڰ桱 f(shu)ԪһF(tun)ʲôúܡ33@ӑՓҲS߀(hu)m(x)ȥŲ̫ܡҲһбҪóȫһµĿĴ_Ї(gu)vʷϣԪһ(g)eOOɷضͻijԪĴy(tng)һںϣ(du)Ї(gu)y(tng)һ(gu)ҵĚvʷԼAl(f)չʷh(yun)ķeOԪ_(ki)ŵĻߺͻSP(gun)ϵҲ(du)ϵA˪(d)ؕI(xin)Ԫy(tng)(li)Ľ(jng)(j)Ɖa(chn)P(gun)ϵע剺cҕȵOӰ푣ҲͬӲɵ(ni)wF(xin)ڲͬI(lng)y^pء
䌍(sh)҂һ(g)˼Ƕȁ(li)J(rn)R(sh)ԪǾԪ(du)Ї(gu)vʷl(f)չӰ푆(wn)}Ї(gu)vʷЃɴδM(jn)˳քel(f)κxϱ|Ԫr(sh)ڡ@ɴ˳_Ҏ(gu)ģm(x)r(sh)gL(zhng)һ̶϶(du)h(hu)l(f)չı(li)څ(sh)׃(du)ڵһ˳_ĽY(ji)cָĺ^(li)|xϳʮ(gu)ȫvʷ\(yn)(dng)Ŀwڱϡ34ϵW(xu)L(zhng)鐲˽ڄtطQθ֡ɞκxϱr(sh)Ěvʷڡ35(sh)H(du)|Ԫr(sh)ڵĚvʷҲmõġġ׃?c)?li)څ(sh)ĽǶȳl(f)(du)@ɴΛ_(yng)(dng)u(png)r(ji)Ŀǰ(du)һΛ_Ŀ^һ£ڴ˺ʢĵ(li)ձJ(rn)κxϱıЇ(gu)vʷl(f)չעC(j)rѪҺ(yng)϶ȡͬӵ췽ʽ(li)ڶΛ_u(png)r(ji)¾͕(hu)ͬ?yn)Ԫ֮ǰδ|(zh)@ɾɴoӡ̵ąsǸ߶Ȱl(f)_(d)Čx(qun)y(tng)ġԪʷһ(sh)оʹһξՓ
o(w)Ɇ(wn)Ԫy(tng)һȫ(gu)Ăvʷ(j)ǿ϶ͬr(sh)Ԫ߀OҪĆ(wn)}߀HһҶ(jng)ἰđ(zhn)(zhng)Ɖc剺?yn)?zhn)(zhng)ƉĮֻһЩ^(q)籱^(q)剺߳ҲֻԪĽy(tng)ڃ(ni)Oõ҂(li)ҪĆ(wn)}߀(hu)I(lng)ɹŽy(tng)(li)ijЩӰ(du)δ(sh)|(zh)һND(zhun)@ND(zhun)Ԫһ߀һNvʷu(li)^(du)Ї(gu)⽨(hu)ڵİl(f)չM(jn)Ӱ푸־ú;Ʃf(shu)u܊ͽƶȡ(q)ūƶTַƶȡ܊A(ch)܊ƶȵȵƶϳuԪԪ@һƶȄtɹcƵƴć(yn)ĽǶvԱΞԭhƶȣΜДࡣڽ(jng)(j)İl(f)չăεĩγ@RΣ@DzԶ
@ԒV҂Ҫ댦(du)Ԫvʷ^(sh)H͜(zhn)_u(png)r(ji)͑(yng)(dng)ڸVĚvʷAУe֮gM(jn)пεЇ(gu)κ(hu)I(lng)l(f)Щ׃҂֑(yng)ԓο@Щ׃ҪȫQ@(g)(wn)}߀هڌҌW(xu)ߵĴоvʷʷϺƷ(wn)}^w(f)sAgЇ(gu)Ŵһ(g)ͻԪ@һr(sh)οஔ(dng)yȡ@Ĺ϶Ǵпɞͬ錣ƹɴΚռкܴ^(q)eδЇ(yn)δʿεSr(sh)HС_(ki)ơɫ(du)I(lng)еĸNصҲ^ɹ^cʿ¡ Ļʙ(qun)丽¹ٙ(qun)(sh)Û¾ҕʿ`@һ׃ǚvʷl(f)չȻڅ(sh)߀ȫżȻQ¶Б(yng)(dng)ԪӰ푡ڡҮa(chn)Ƈ(gu)ҡɫʝصĴɹŇ(gu)ɸL(zhng)(qun)l(f)չ(li)ĺ(qun)ߟo(w)ʹɹŵĚWނʿef(shu)^ʵی(du)ÿһ(g)˾һN@˵ę(qun)һЖ|ڻʵ_(d)@һN̶˛](mi)һ(g)đf(shu)@ҵĻκΖ|njڻʵ۵ܻʵۺI(lng)õʲôõȡؔ(ci)a(chn)(du)ҲڸSؼ̎@N^һֱֵԪͨ^(gu)Ɇ(wn)}ĿָԪČƻʙ(qun)h(yun)^ǰs͢سcʵ۵P(gun)ϵҲūP(gun)ϵ@Щ(do)»ʵ۵(yn)xʙ(qun)ҲM(jn)һÛ@(du)Oˌxʙ(qun)ƶȵijΟo(w)Ӱ푡Ĵ_Ԫvʷ(li)Ԫ谵鲢żȻܶʵҼҞ֮UM(yng)(dng)(li)ԪҮa(chn)Ƈ(gu)ҡĻʙ(qun)^40
MԌ(du)ԪƵ^P(gun)ϵԪںܶM(jn)˴Ҏ(gu)ģġ(chung)Ԫ(du)ĺܶӰf(shu)(du)Ї(gu)vʷl(f)չӰ푵ѽ(jng)ײX(ju)o(w)Ɇ(wn)@NӰǏVڵ߀ஔ(dng)h(yun)ĩ˼Sf(shu)Ž֮׃ضһMԪһM(jng)˶M֮ʥ֮[(i)˶(jng)I(yng)ʎȻo(w)S̎(gu)Ƽ֮Hʹ˼ʹvʷ˼֮^(gu)Ԓ(du)҂J(rn)R(sh)ԪЇ(gu)vʷеҪλЅr(ji)ֵԪҲһ֑(yng)(dng)@ȥ졣
עጣ
1R˼ӡȽy(tng)εδ(li)Y(ji)R˼˹x 1972ڶ70(y)
2K.A.Wittfogel and Feng Chia-Sheng , History of the Chinese Society,Liao (907-1125) (Phila., American philosophical society, 1949) , pp.1-32 . ˌ(do) Нhg롶|Ůʷgļһʷ1990
3ʒcʮ(li)ԪʷоĻߡԪʷС_(ti)ʳ Ļ(sh)I(y)ɷ˾1994
4κ(sh)2̫o(j)
5Yͨb286h츣ʮ¡
6ڱ^|ɴ(gu)ұλr(sh)f(shu)c|Ү|֮I(y)ɽ ֮Rָ꣨|Ͼڽ(ni)ɹŰ죩ʘI(y)ɽ֮ࡱ CҊ(jin)ʷ96
7Ԫʷ146ҮɳĂ
8Ԫʷ58־һ
9ԬA(yn)±ݾʿ25
10S⣺r(sh)(w)¡Sz(sh)7Z(y)SһƪɢĚģ Sz(sh)丽롶r(sh)(w)¡ƪl缚(x)x讔(dng)нy(tng) cԪϡr(sh)(w)¡һr(sh)(xi)Ԫʮ䛡r(sh)(w)¡ o(w)˶Ǭ¡ʮ꿯ʮSz(sh)7tĸԪʮ ϡv衷֮`
11ȣvʷоϺhg1966σ(c)205-214(y)
12ҦɹŸԭ(gu)ҷַӛϣdϾW(xu)ԪʷоҾԪʷʷоʮһڣ1987.12o(h)ŷͻʵć(gu)Ҙ(gu)졷 넢ձW(xu)оЇ(gu)ʷՓxgھžA(sh)1993
13ʮo(j)֮ĮTಿHݵɹŻ^ֱԪ Ա^(qing)Ī(d)ԣQL(zhng)cɹű(zhng)@һ?yn)Ԫy(tng) εஔ(dng)L(zhng)r(sh)gЌ١ľаաh(hun)ƫƧcɹŸ(lin)ϵ^һ tI(lng)cɼ˼(lin)ھMǧr(sh)õԭвM^ Mˣ֮HĮɹ֮Ҋ(jin)dK߀Ǜ](mi)Д[ÓɹŻ w
14o(h)ŷǰҦ(hu)Ěv̡돈(sh)Ŵ ԴM(jn)ϾW(xu)1991
15־M(fi)ʷ(ni)ɹhg1980σ(c)22-24(y)
16ҦɹŸԭ(gu)ҷַӛϣMax Weber,Theory of Social and Economic OrganizationOxford univ. press, 1947,pp341-357. 17ʩأʷһڶփ(c)̄(w)ӡ(sh)^hg1983362-384(y) 18Ԫʷ124æ
19Ԫʷ205R
20(qun)⣺ʷ
21KԪԡ8 ةSҮС?x)qԡ
22wإʷӛ30ԪT۶(x)hġl
23~棺ľӡ4sƪ
24ɭʷvxA(sh)1981σ(c)29(y)
25SԪоڄ(dng)³磬1987137-139(y)
26ҦԪeƶȵЏU(hu)dԪʷʷо ڣ1982.12
27Ԫʷ143Ԯ(dng)
28Ԫʷ26ڼo(j)
29Ԫ40(jng)䛡ε䡤ʷ72־һ
30˼f(shu)ā(li)֮(qing)ʢmN֮vؽӽhuȾĻ ֮^(gu)ژw,mvҲf(shu)mЇ(gu)Ŵֱ ɹƺ⡣
31S⣺r(sh)(w)¡Sz(sh)7
32Ї(gu)vʷώ״ξĽ(jng)(j)(dng)ߡЇ(gu)(jng)(j)ʷՓ(lin)(sh) ꣬1980σ(c)bP(gun)Ї(gu)⽨(jng)(j)ƶȰl(f)չAΆ(wn)}ߡ(sh) 磬1982
33n֣ԪʷVҪY(ji)Z(y)dԪʷо(hu)ԪʷՓһA(sh) 1982ĺ(li)顰ǰԡd롶Ԫʷσ(c)
34c|xTyΡW(xu)1991360(y)
35鐲ˣκxϱκƶȡ(xi)ݾVӡ壩
36ďZ(y)Ҋ(jin)m(x)YͨbL(zhng)221
37֮\(chng)Z(y)Ҋ(jin)䡶AǧʷA(sh)1983ϣ12(y)
38ɭ ʹɹӛЇ(gu)(hu)ƌW(xu)hg198326-28(y)
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